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Lepisosteus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lepisosteus
Temporal range: 77.5–0 Ma Campanian to present
Longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Clade: Ginglymodi
Order: Lepisosteiformes
Family: Lepisosteidae
Genus: Lepisosteus
Lacepède, 1803
Type species
Esox osseus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

Synonyms[1][2]
  • Acus Catesby, 1771 non Adams & Adams, 1853 non Chen, Yang & Wilson, 1989 non De Bomare, 1791 non Gray, 1847 non Humphrey, 1797 non Müller, 1766 non Müller, 1774 non Plumier, 1803 non (Swainson, 1839)
  • Lepidosteus Koenig, 1825 [Agassiz, 1836; Lacépède, 1803]
  • Pneumatosteus Cope, 1869
  • Clastichthys Whitley, 1940
  • Clastes Cope, 1873 non Walckenaer, 1833
  • Cylindrosteus (Rafinesque, 1820)
  • Lepisosteus (Cylindrosteus) Rafinesque, 1820
  • Psalidostomus Minding, 1832
  • Sarchirus Rafinesque, 1818
  • Sarcochirus Agassiz, 1846
  • Squammosa Catesby, 1771

Lepisosteus is a genus of gars in the family Lepisosteidae.[3]

Distribution

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Lepisosteus is known to be a freshwater fish. However, they do have the ability to survive in high salinity, and low oxygen water after gulping air.[4][5] Lepisosteus prefers to reside in brackish and shallow slow-moving waters, living usually in schools.[3] The habitat range of this genus ranges on the Eastern coast from the Gulf of Mexico in Florida north to Quebec. Habitats can be found in the Missouri River Basin and Mississippi River drainage area, westward in the Rio Grande River basin of Southern Texas and Northern Mexico. There are also populations in the Great Lakes except for Lake Superior. Their range can occasionally reach out towards the Mobile Bay, Perdido Bay, and Mississippi Sound.[3][5]

Physical Description & Life Cycle

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These fish have ganoid scales on their elongated bodies with a single dorsal fin on the posterior side approximately one inch from their caudal fin.[5] Depending on the clarity of the water, Lepisosteus colors will change. In clear water they can have bright colors of green and silvery-white; alternatively if the water is brackish and cloudy, their colors will be more of a brown hue.[3] Hatchlings are approximately 8–10 mm in size. The average full-grown length of Lepisosteus varies from 34 to 78 inches depending on the species.[5] In comparison to their long snouts, Lepisosteus have relatively small heads; however, their mouths full of sharp teeth.

Lepisosteus is a slow-growing genus generally living a long time. Female gars take 6 years to reach sexual maturity, grow larger, and live up to 22 years. Male gars reach maturity around 3 or 4 years after hatching. The males do not often live longer than 11 years.[5][6] The Longnose Gar will migrate upstream to smaller streams with faster-moving water to spawn and lay eggs.[5] Fish of this genus that are newly hatched will attach themselves vertically to submerged objects by an adhesive disc on their snout. The youth stay attached to the objects until the yolk sac is absorbed which usually takes about 9 days. After the yolk sac of an egg is absorbed, the roe hatches. Hatchlings stabilize to a horizontal position, take their first aerial breath, and begin feeding.

Habitat & Feeding Habits

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Because Lepisosteus has evolved to be a top predator, they are voracious eaters that eat a variety of other freshwater fish and crustaceans such as Ictiobus and Blue crabs. Adults will float toward the surface of streams to scout prey that are below them while younger fish in this genus will hide in submersed vegetation to ambush hunt.[7] Studies have found this native North American species is a predator of invasive Asian Carp. The Lepisosteus genus enjoys living in shallow water similar to the habitat of the Invasive Asian Carp.[8] This genus is not generally used for recreational hunting because their roe is toxic to humans. There are no significant threats to these top predators other than habitat loss.[7][9] On the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, this genus is listed as Least Concerned.[10] The fossil found in Northern Mexico shows that the family once may have been able to live in oceans. The genus consists of four species but cretaceous fossils have shown this family has ancient relatives.[4]

Species

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Lepisosteidae

[9]

The currently recognized species are: Lepisosteus oculatus, Lepisosteus osseus, Lepisosteus platostomus, and Lepisosteus platyrhincus.[9] Three species formerly classified in Lepisosteus (tropical gar, Cuban gar, and alligator gar) are now assigned to the genus Atractosteus.[6]

Species

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Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
Lepisosteus oculatus Winchell, 1864 Spotted gar North America
Lepisosteus osseus Linnaeus, 1758 Longnose gar east coast of North and Central America in freshwater lakes and as far west as Kansas and Texas and southern New Mexico
Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 Shortnose gar Montana to the west and the Ohio River to the east, southwards to the Gulf Coast.
Lepisosteus platyrhincus DeKay, 1842 Florida gar USA from the Savannah River and Ochlockonee River watersheds of Georgia and throughout peninsular Florida

Fossil species

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According to Grande, 2010. In addition, indeterminate record is known from Campanian Oldman Formation.[11]

Dubious fossil species

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  • †Lepisosteus aganus (Cope, 1877) Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus bohemicus (Laube, 1901) Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus cominatoi Santos, 1984 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus cycliferus (Cope, 1873) Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus fimbriatus Wood, 1846 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus glaber Marsh, 1871 Nomina nuda
  • †Lepisosteus integer (Cope, 1877) Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus knieskerni Fowler, 1911 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus longus Lambe, 1908 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus nahunticus (Cope, 1869) Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus notabilis Leidy, 1873 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus occidentalis Leidy, 1856 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus opertus Estes, 1964 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus strausi Kinkelin, 1884 Nomen dubium
  • †Lepisosteus suessoniensis Gervais, 1888 Nomina nuda

References

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  1. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Lepisosteidae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  2. ^ "Lepisosteidae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d "Family Lepisosteidae - Gar Family". Wild About Illinois Fishes. Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
  4. ^ a b Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Brito, Paulo; Gerardo Porras-Múzquiz, Héctor; Mújica-Monroy, Irene Heidi (January 2016). "A Late Cretaceous marine long snout "pejelagarto" fish (Lepisosteidae, Lepisosteini) from Múzquiz, Coahuila, northeastern Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 57: 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.009 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Goddard, Nathaniel. "Discover Fishes: Lepisosteus osseus". Florida Museum.
  6. ^ a b "Discover Fishes: Atractosteus spatula". Florida Museum.
  7. ^ a b "Discover Fishes: Lepisosteus osseus". Florida Museum.
  8. ^ Wolf, Michael; Phelps, Quinton. "Prey selectivity of common predators on Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): controlled laboratory experiments support field observations". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 100: 1139–1143 – via Springer Link.
  9. ^ a b c Berkovitz, Barry; Shellis, Peter (2023). "Lepisosteidae: The Lepisosteidae are the gars with seven surviving species". The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates – via Science DIrect.
  10. ^ "Lepisosteus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  11. ^ Grande, Lance (2010). "An Empirical Synthetic Pattern Study of Gars (lepisosteiformes) and Closely Related Species, Based Mostly on Skeletal Anatomy. the Resurrection of Holostei". Copeia. 2010 (2A): iii–871. ISSN 0045-8511.
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